
Rates of Change and Behavior of Graphs
In this section, you will:
- Find the average rate of change of a function.
- Use a graph to determine where a function is increasing, decreasing, or constant.
- Use a graph to locate local maxima and local minima.
- Use a graph to locate the absolute maximum and absolute minimum.
Gasoline costs have experienced some wild fluctuations over the last several decades. [link] lists the average cost, in dollars, of a gallon of gasoline for the years 2005–2012. The cost of gasoline can be considered as a function of year.
2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |
2.31 | 2.62 | 2.84 | 3.30 | 2.41 | 2.84 | 3.58 | 3.68 |
If we were interested only in how the gasoline prices changed between 2005 and 2012, we could compute that the cost per gallon had increased from $2.31 to $3.68, an increase of $1.37. While this is interesting, it might be more useful to look at how much the price changed per year. In this section, we will investigate changes such as these.
Finding the Average Rate of Change of a Function
The price change per year is a rate of change because it describes how an output quantity changes relative to the change in the input quantity. We can see that the price of gasoline in [link] did not change by the same amount each year, so the rate of change was not constant. If we use only the beginning and ending data, we would be finding the average rate of change over the specified period of time. To find the average rate of change, we divide the change in the output value by the change in the input value.
The Greek letter
(delta) signifies the change in a quantity; we read the ratio as “delta-y over delta-x” or “the change in
divided by the change in
” Occasionally we write
instead of
which still represents the change in the function’s output value resulting from a change to its input value. It does not mean we are changing the function into some other function.
In our example, the gasoline price increased by $1.37 from 2005 to 2012. Over 7 years, the average rate of change was
On average, the price of gas increased by about 19.6¢ each year.
Other examples of rates of change include:
- A population of rats increasing by 40 rats per week
- A car traveling 68 miles per hour (distance traveled changes by 68 miles each hour as time passes)
- A car driving 27 miles per gallon (distance traveled changes by 27 miles for each gallon)
- The current through an electrical circuit increasing by 0.125 amperes for every volt of increased voltage
- The amount of money in a college account decreasing by $4,000 per quarter
Rate of Change
A rate of change describes how an output quantity changes relative to the change in the input quantity. The units on a rate of change are “output units per input units.”
The average rate of change between two input values is the total change of the function values (output values) divided by the change in the input values.
Given the value of a function at different points, calculate the average rate of change of a function for the interval between two valuesand
- Calculate the difference
- Calculate the difference
- Find the ratio
Computing an Average Rate of Change
Using the data in [link], find the average rate of change of the price of gasoline between 2007 and 2009.
In 2007, the price of gasoline was $2.84. In 2009, the cost was $2.41. The average rate of change is
Analysis
Note that a decrease is expressed by a negative change or “negative increase.” A rate of change is negative when the output decreases as the input increases or when the output increases as the input decreases.
Using the data in [link], find the average rate of change between 2005 and 2010.
per year.
Computing Average Rate of Change from a Graph
Given the function
shown in [link], find the average rate of change on the interval
At
[link] shows
At
the graph shows
The horizontal change
is shown by the red arrow, and the vertical change
is shown by the turquoise arrow. The output changes by –3 while the input changes by 3, giving an average rate of change of
Analysis
Note that the order we choose is very important. If, for example, we use
we will not get the correct answer. Decide which point will be 1 and which point will be 2, and keep the coordinates fixed as
and
Computing Average Rate of Change from a Table
After picking up a friend who lives 10 miles away, Anna records her distance from home over time. The values are shown in [link]. Find her average speed over the first 6 hours.
t (hours) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
D(t) (miles) | 10 | 55 | 90 | 153 | 214 | 240 | 292 | 300 |
Here, the average speed is the average rate of change. She traveled 282 miles in 6 hours, for an average speed of
The average speed is 47 miles per hour.
Analysis
Because the speed is not constant, the average speed depends on the interval chosen. For the interval [2,3], the average speed is 63 miles per hour.
Computing Average Rate of Change for a Function Expressed as a Formula
Compute the average rate of change of
on the interval
We can start by computing the function values at each endpoint of the interval.
Now we compute the average rate of change.
Find the average rate of change of
on the interval
Finding the Average Rate of Change of a Force
The electrostatic force
measured in newtons, between two charged particles can be related to the distance between the particles
in centimeters, by the formula
Find the average rate of change of force if the distance between the particles is increased from 2 cm to 6 cm.
We are computing the average rate of change of
on the interval
The average rate of change is
newton per centimeter.
Finding an Average Rate of Change as an Expression
Find the average rate of change of
on the interval
The answer will be an expression involving
We use the average rate of change formula.* * *
This result tells us the average rate of change in terms of
between
and any other point
For example, on the interval
the average rate of change would be
Find the average rate of change of
on the interval
Using a Graph to Determine Where a Function is Increasing, Decreasing, or Constant
As part of exploring how functions change, we can identify intervals over which the function is changing in specific ways. We say that a function is increasing on an interval if the function values increase as the input values increase within that interval. Similarly, a function is decreasing on an interval if the function values decrease as the input values increase over that interval. The average rate of change of an increasing function is positive, and the average rate of change of a decreasing function is negative. [link] shows examples of increasing and decreasing intervals on a function.
While some functions are increasing (or decreasing) over their entire domain, many others are not. A value of the input where a function changes from increasing to decreasing (as we go from left to right, that is, as the input variable increases) is called a local maximum. If a function has more than one, we say it has local maxima. Similarly, a value of the input where a function changes from decreasing to increasing as the input variable increases is called a local minimum. The plural form is “local minima.” Together, local maxima and minima are called local extrema, or local extreme values, of the function. (The singular form is “extremum.”) Often, the term local is replaced by the term relative. In this text, we will use the term local.
Clearly, a function is neither increasing nor decreasing on an interval where it is constant. A function is also neither increasing nor decreasing at extrema. Note that we have to speak of local extrema, because any given local extremum as defined here is not necessarily the highest maximum or lowest minimum in the function’s entire domain.
For the function whose graph is shown in [link], the local maximum is 16, and it occurs at
The local minimum is
and it occurs at
To locate the local maxima and minima from a graph, we need to observe the graph to determine where the graph attains its highest and lowest points, respectively, within an open interval. Like the summit of a roller coaster, the graph of a function is higher at a local maximum than at nearby points on both sides. The graph will also be lower at a local minimum than at neighboring points. [link] illustrates these ideas for a local maximum.
These observations lead us to a formal definition of local extrema.
Local Minima and Local Maxima
A function
is an increasing function on an open interval if
for every
,
interval where
A function
is a decreasing function on an open interval if
for every
,
interval where
A function
has a local maximum at a point
in an open interval
if
is greater than or equal to
for every point
(
does not equal
) in the interval. Likewise,
has a local minimum at a point
in
if
is less than or equal to
for every
(
does not equal
) in the interval.
Finding Increasing and Decreasing Intervals on a Graph
Given the function
in [link], identify the intervals on which the function appears to be increasing.
We see that the function is not constant on any interval. The function is increasing where it slants upward as we move to the right and decreasing where it slants downward as we move to the right. The function appears to be increasing from
to
and from
on.
In interval notation, we would say the function appears to be increasing on the interval (1,3) and the interval
Analysis
Notice in this example that we used open intervals (intervals that do not include the endpoints), because the function is neither increasing nor decreasing at
,
, and
. These points are the local extrema (two minima and a maximum).
Finding Local Extrema from a Graph
Graph the function
Then use the graph to estimate the local extrema of the function and to determine the intervals on which the function is increasing.
Using technology, we find that the graph of the function looks like that in [link]. It appears there is a low point, or local minimum, between
and
and a mirror-image high point, or local maximum, somewhere between
and
Analysis
Most graphing calculators and graphing utilities can estimate the location of maxima and minima. [link] provides screen images from two different technologies, showing the estimate for the local maximum and minimum.
Based on these estimates, the function is increasing on the interval
and
Notice that, while we expect the extrema to be symmetric, the two different technologies agree only up to four decimals due to the differing approximation algorithms used by each. (The exact location of the extrema is at
but determining this requires calculus.)
Graph the function
to estimate the local extrema of the function. Use these to determine the intervals on which the function is increasing and decreasing.
The local maximum appears to occur at
and the local minimum occurs at
The function is increasing on
and decreasing on
Finding Local Maxima and Minima from a Graph
For the function
whose graph is shown in [link], find all local maxima and minima.
Observe the graph of
The graph attains a local maximum at
because it is the highest point in an open interval around
The local maximum is the
-coordinate at
which is
The graph attains a local minimum at
because it is the lowest point in an open interval around
The local minimum is the y-coordinate at
which is
Analyzing the Toolkit Functions for Increasing or Decreasing Intervals
We will now return to our toolkit functions and discuss their graphical behavior in [link], [link], and [link].
Use A Graph to Locate the Absolute Maximum and Absolute Minimum
There is a difference between locating the highest and lowest points on a graph in a region around an open interval (locally) and locating the highest and lowest points on the graph for the entire domain. The
coordinates (output) at the highest and lowest points are called the absolute maximum and absolute minimum, respectively.
To locate absolute maxima and minima from a graph, we need to observe the graph to determine where the graph attains it highest and lowest points on the domain of the function. See [link].
Not every function has an absolute maximum or minimum value. The toolkit function
is one such function.
Absolute Maxima and Minima
The absolute maximum of
at
is
where
for all
in the domain of
The absolute minimum of
at
is
where
for all
in the domain of
Finding Absolute Maxima and Minima from a Graph
For the function
shown in [link], find all absolute maxima and minima.
Observe the graph of
The graph attains an absolute maximum in two locations,
and
because at these locations, the graph attains its highest point on the domain of the function. The absolute maximum is the y-coordinate at
and
which is
The graph attains an absolute minimum at
because it is the lowest point on the domain of the function’s graph. The absolute minimum is the y-coordinate at
which is
Key Equations
Average rate of change |
Key Concepts
- A rate of change relates a change in an output quantity to a change in an input quantity. The average rate of change is determined using only the beginning and ending data. See [link].
- Identifying points that mark the interval on a graph can be used to find the average rate of change. See [link].
- Comparing pairs of input and output values in a table can also be used to find the average rate of change. See [link].
- An average rate of change can also be computed by determining the function values at the endpoints of an interval described by a formula. See [link] and [link].
- The average rate of change can sometimes be determined as an expression. See [link].
- A function is increasing where its rate of change is positive and decreasing where its rate of change is negative. See [link].
- A local maximum is where a function changes from increasing to decreasing and has an output value larger (more positive or less negative) than output values at neighboring input values.
- A local minimum is where the function changes from decreasing to increasing (as the input increases) and has an output value smaller (more negative or less positive) than output values at neighboring input values.
- Minima and maxima are also called extrema.
- We can find local extrema from a graph. See [link] and [link].
- The highest and lowest points on a graph indicate the maxima and minima. See [link].
Section Exercises
Verbal
Can the average rate of change of a function be constant?
Yes, the average rate of change of all linear functions is constant.
If a function
is increasing on
and decreasing on
then what can be said about the local extremum of
on
How are the absolute maximum and minimum similar to and different from the local extrema?
The absolute maximum and minimum relate to the entire graph, whereas the local extrema relate only to a specific region around an open interval.
How does the graph of the absolute value function compare to the graph of the quadratic function,
in terms of increasing and decreasing intervals?
Algebraic
For the following exercises, find the average rate of change of each function on the interval specified for real numbers
or
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
given
on
Graphical
For the following exercises, consider the graph of
shown in [link].
Estimate the average rate of change from
to
Estimate the average rate of change from
to
For the following exercises, use the graph of each function to estimate the intervals on which the function is increasing or decreasing.


increasing on
decreasing on


increasing on
decreasing on
For the following exercises, consider the graph shown in [link].
Estimate the intervals where the function is increasing or decreasing.
Estimate the point(s) at which the graph of
has a local maximum or a local minimum.
local maximum:
local minimum:
For the following exercises, consider the graph in [link].
If the complete graph of the function is shown, estimate the intervals where the function is increasing or decreasing.
If the complete graph of the function is shown, estimate the absolute maximum and absolute minimum.
absolute maximum at approximately
absolute minimum at approximately
Numeric
[link] gives the annual sales (in millions of dollars) of a product from 1998 to 2006. What was the average rate of change of annual sales (a) between 2001 and 2002, and (b) between 2001 and 2004?
Year | Sales (millions of dollars) |
1998 | 201 |
1999 | 219 |
2000 | 233 |
2001 | 243 |
2002 | 249 |
2003 | 251 |
2004 | 249 |
2005 | 243 |
2006 | 233 |
[link] gives the population of a town (in thousands) from 2000 to 2008. What was the average rate of change of population (a) between 2002 and 2004, and (b) between 2002 and 2006?
Year | Population (thousands) |
2000 | 87 |
2001 | 84 |
2002 | 83 |
2003 | 80 |
2004 | 77 |
2005 | 76 |
2006 | 78 |
2007 | 81 |
2008 | 85 |
For the following exercises, find the average rate of change of each function on the interval specified.
on
on
on
on
Technology
For the following exercises, use a graphing utility to estimate the local extrema of each function and to estimate the intervals on which the function is increasing and decreasing.
Local minimum at
decreasing on
increasing on
Local minimum at
decreasing on
increasing on
Local maximum at
local minima at
and
decreasing on
and
increasing on
and
Extension
The graph of the function
is shown in [link].
Based on the calculator screen shot, the point
is which of the following?
- a relative (local) maximum of the function
- the vertex of the function
- the absolute maximum of the function
- a zero of the function
Let
Find a number
such that the average rate of change of the function
on the interval
is
Let
. Find the number
such that the average rate of change of
on the interval
is
Real-World Applications
At the start of a trip, the odometer on a car read 21,395. At the end of the trip, 13.5 hours later, the odometer read 22,125. Assume the scale on the odometer is in miles. What is the average speed the car traveled during this trip?
A driver of a car stopped at a gas station to fill up his gas tank. He looked at his watch, and the time read exactly 3:40 p.m. At this time, he started pumping gas into the tank. At exactly 3:44, the tank was full and he noticed that he had pumped 10.7 gallons. What is the average rate of flow of the gasoline into the gas tank?
Near the surface of the moon, the distance that an object falls is a function of time. It is given by
where
is in seconds and
is in feet. If an object is dropped from a certain height, find the average velocity of the object from
to
The graph in [link] illustrates the decay of a radioactive substance over
days.
Use the graph to estimate the average decay rate from
to
approximately –0.6 milligrams per day
Glossary
- absolute maximum
- the greatest value of a function over an interval
- absolute minimum
- the lowest value of a function over an interval
- average rate of change
- the difference in the output values of a function found for two values of the input divided by the difference between the inputs
- decreasing function
- a function is decreasing in some open interval if
for any two input values
and
in the given interval where
- increasing function
- a function is increasing in some open interval if
for any two input values
and
in the given interval where
- local extrema
- collectively, all of a function's local maxima and minima
- local maximum
- a value of the input where a function changes from increasing to decreasing as the input value increases.
- local minimum
- a value of the input where a function changes from decreasing to increasing as the input value increases.
- rate of change
- the change of an output quantity relative to the change of the input quantity

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Attribution:
STANDARD F.IF.B.6 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph (linear, exponential and quadratic). | |||
WORKSHEETS | AI | ||
Regents-Rate of Change 1 AI | 19 | TST DOC TNS JUM | |
Practice-Rate of Change | 6 | WS | |
AII | |||
Regents-Rate of Change 2 AII | 12 | TST DOC TNS | |
LESSON PLAN | Rate of Change | PDF DOC | |
TI-NSPIRE ACTIVITIES | Points on a Line | ACT | |
Understanding Slope | ACT | ||
Slope as Rate | ACT | ||
Rate of Change | ACT | ||
Multiple Representations | ACT |
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average rate of change




Worksheet precalculus rate average change of
1.3 Rates of Change and Behavior of Graphs
Learning Objectives
In this section, you will:
- Find the average rate of change of a function.
- Use a graph to determine where a function is increasing, decreasing, or constant.
- Use a graph to locate local maxima and local minima.
- Use a graph to locate the absolute maximum and absolute minimum.
Gasoline costs have experienced some wild fluctuations over the last several decades. Table 1 lists the average cost, in dollars, of a gallon of gasoline for the years 2005–2012. The cost of gasoline can be considered as a function of year.
2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |
2.31 | 2.62 | 2.84 | 3.30 | 2.41 | 2.84 | 3.58 | 3.68 |
Table 1
If we were interested only in how the gasoline prices changed between 2005 and 2012, we could compute that the cost per gallon had increased from $2.31 to $3.68, an increase of $1.37. While this is interesting, it might be more useful to look at how much the price changed per year. In this section, we will investigate changes such as these.
Finding the Average Rate of Change of a Function
The price change per year is a rate of change because it describes how an output quantity changes relative to the change in the input quantity. We can see that the price of gasoline in Table 1 did not change by the same amount each year, so the rate of change was not constant. If we use only the beginning and ending data, we would be finding the average rate of change over the specified period of time. To find the average rate of change, we divide the change in the output value by the change in the input value.
The Greek letter (delta) signifies the change in a quantity; we read the ratio as “delta-y over delta-x” or “the change in divided by the change in ” Occasionally we write instead of which still represents the change in the function’s output value resulting from a change to its input value. It does not mean we are changing the function into some other function.
In our example, the gasoline price increased by $1.37 from 2005 to 2012. Over 7 years, the average rate of change was
On average, the price of gas increased by about 19.6¢ each year.
Other examples of rates of change include:
- A population of rats increasing by 40 rats per week
- A car traveling 68 miles per hour (distance traveled changes by 68 miles each hour as time passes)
- A car driving 27 miles per gallon (distance traveled changes by 27 miles for each gallon)
- The current through an electrical circuit increasing by 0.125 amperes for every volt of increased voltage
- The amount of money in a college account decreasing by $4,000 per quarter
Rate of Change
A rate of change describes how an output quantity changes relative to the change in the input quantity. The units on a rate of change are “output units per input units.”
The average rate of change between two input values is the total change of the function values (output values) divided by the change in the input values.
How To
Given the value of a function at different points, calculate the average rate of change of a function for the interval between two values and
- Calculate the difference
- Calculate the difference
- Find the ratio
Example 1
Computing an Average Rate of Change
Using the data in Table 1, find the average rate of change of the price of gasoline between 2007 and 2009.
Solution
In 2007, the price of gasoline was $2.84. In 2009, the cost was $2.41. The average rate of change is
Analysis
Note that a decrease is expressed by a negative change or “negative increase.” A rate of change is negative when the output decreases as the input increases or when the output increases as the input decreases.
Try It #1
Using the data in Table 1, find the average rate of change between 2005 and 2010.
Example 2
Computing Average Rate of Change from a Graph
Given the function shown in Figure 1, find the average rate of change on the interval
Figure 1
Solution
At Figure 2 shows At the graph shows
Figure 2
The horizontal change is shown by the red arrow, and the vertical change is shown by the turquoise arrow. The output changes by –3 while the input changes by 3, giving an average rate of change of
Analysis
Note that the order we choose is very important. If, for example, we use we will not get the correct answer. Decide which point will be 1 and which point will be 2, and keep the coordinates fixed as and
Example 3
Computing Average Rate of Change from a Table
After picking up a friend who lives 10 miles away, Anna records her distance from home over time. The values are shown in Table 2. Find her average speed over the first 6 hours.
t (hours) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
D(t) (miles) | 10 | 55 | 90 | 153 | 214 | 240 | 292 | 300 |
Table 2
Solution
Here, the average speed is the average rate of change. She traveled 282 miles in 6 hours, for an average speed of
The average speed is 47 miles per hour.
Analysis
Because the speed is not constant, the average speed depends on the interval chosen. For the interval [2,3], the average speed is 63 miles per hour.
Example 4
Computing Average Rate of Change for a Function Expressed as a Formula
Compute the average rate of change of on the interval
Solution
We can start by computing the function values at each endpoint of the interval.
Now we compute the average rate of change.
Try It #2
Find the average rate of change of on the interval
Example 5
Finding the Average Rate of Change of a Force
The electrostatic force measured in newtons, between two charged particles can be related to the distance between the particles in centimeters, by the formula Find the average rate of change of force if the distance between the particles is increased from 2 cm to 6 cm.
Solution
We are computing the average rate of change of on the interval
The average rate of change is newton per centimeter.
Example 6
Finding an Average Rate of Change as an Expression
Find the average rate of change of on the interval The answer will be an expression involving
Solution
We use the average rate of change formula.
This result tells us the average rate of change in terms of between and any other point For example, on the interval the average rate of change would be
Try It #3
Find the average rate of change of on the interval
Using a Graph to Determine Where a Function is Increasing, Decreasing, or Constant
As part of exploring how functions change, we can identify intervals over which the function is changing in specific ways. We say that a function is increasing on an interval if the function values increase as the input values increase within that interval. Similarly, a function is decreasing on an interval if the function values decrease as the input values increase over that interval. The average rate of change of an increasing function is positive, and the average rate of change of a decreasing function is negative. Figure 3 shows examples of increasing and decreasing intervals on a function.
Figure 3The function is increasing on and is decreasing on
While some functions are increasing (or decreasing) over their entire domain, many others are not. A value of the input where a function changes from increasing to decreasing (as we go from left to right, that is, as the input variable increases) is the location of a local maximum. The function value at that point is the local maximum. If a function has more than one, we say it has local maxima. Similarly, a value of the input where a function changes from decreasing to increasing as the input variable increases is the location of a local minimum. The function value at that point is the local minimum. The plural form is “local minima.” Together, local maxima and minima are called local extrema, or local extreme values, of the function. (The singular form is “extremum.”) Often, the term local is replaced by the term relative. In this text, we will use the term local.
Clearly, a function is neither increasing nor decreasing on an interval where it is constant. A function is also neither increasing nor decreasing at extrema. Note that we have to speak of local extrema, because any given local extremum as defined here is not necessarily the highest maximum or lowest minimum in the function’s entire domain.
For the function whose graph is shown in Figure 4, the local maximum is 16, and it occurs at The local minimum is and it occurs at
Figure 4
To locate the local maxima and minima from a graph, we need to observe the graph to determine where the graph attains its highest and lowest points, respectively, within an open interval. Like the summit of a roller coaster, the graph of a function is higher at a local maximum than at nearby points on both sides. The graph will also be lower at a local minimum than at neighboring points. Figure 5 illustrates these ideas for a local maximum.
Figure 5Definition of a local maximum
These observations lead us to a formal definition of local extrema.
Local Minima and Local Maxima
A function is an increasing function on an open interval if for every , interval where
A function is a decreasing function on an open interval if for every , interval where
A function has a local maximum at a point in an open interval if is greater than or equal to for every point ( does not equal ) in the interval. Likewise, has a local minimum at a point in if is less than or equal to
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